The Best Life Coach You'll Ever Meet

Hey everyone! Well, I know I blog about many health-related subjects specifically relating to our muscles, bones, and much more, but we all need spiritual guidance which may or not involve religion.

We are all human beings and we all need to have other human beings to rely on whenever we're in need of almost anything -it's science and no one can disprove it.

I've met many life coaches and I've come across one that I now consider a very close and personal friend. She's a lovely woman named, Veronica.

Veronica also is known as the "Soul Whisperer". She has helped many many people through the toughest of times and really brings the simplicity and sanity of your mind you might not be able to tap into in this point in time that will allow you be able to relax and operate as normally as you wish you would.

She knows what she has talking about and she has been in the worst of situations as many have.
Not only may she be able to relate to your situations, but she does a terrific job at making you feel better.
Even if you're not dealing with anything tough, I'm sure you know someone that is -show them Veronica and truly be there for them. She will have one of the biggest impacts on their lives and I promise you that.


She helped me -I strongly recommend her to all of my readers. Watch her video below.
Visit her on her Facebook, Twitter, Website, and YouTube.

How to Choose a Supplement for Arthritis Relief

If you suffer from arthritis, you may look high and low for relief. Luckily, you don’t have to look very far. Did you know that certain herbal, dietary, and natural supplements can aid with arthritis pain and discomfort? Some not only reduce pain and discomfort, but swelling too. If this is new to you, you may want to run out and purchase a bottle of supplements, but wait! If this is your first time buying these supplements, you must first know some important things. Here is how to choose a supplement.

Not all supplements aid in arthritis relief. There are wide ranges of dietary, herbal, and natural supplements available for sale, both locally and online. Do the research first to determine what supplements may reduce your joint pain and swelling. For example, Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASU) is believed to slow down the making of inflammation causing chemicals. Devil’s Claw can reduce inflammation and pain in arthritis patients. These are just a sample of the supplements that can help. Before heading to the health store, know what to buy.

Valid claims. When researching supplements or when browsing at the store, read all packages. Most will outright state what the product can do. For example, capsules of Devil’s Claw may state they assist with the reduction of arthritis pain and swelling. The keywords are reduce and assist. Arthritis has no cure. You can manage and temporarily treat the joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, but you cannot cure it. Avoid any supplement or product that claims it will cure your arthritis. This is an outright lie and usually a waste of money.

Price. Herbal, natural, and dietary supplements are not like over-the-counter pain relievers. They rarely provide you with immediate relief. Instead, they should be taken overtime. Most reduce the likelihood of pain and inflammation, especially with regular and continued use. Unfortunately, this means you may buy many supplements. To prevent the costs from becoming too high, price compare. Find a quality, yet cheap brand. Buy your supplements on sale, buy in bulk, use coupons, or shop at a store with good prices. Always compare price with quantity. A larger package of supplement capsules will cost more money, but it is usually a better value for that money.

Doctor’s recommendations. Most arthritis patients fear discussing supplements with their physician. Most believe they will only hear discouragement. Not all physicians believe in or recommend the use of supplements, but don’t be afraid to discuss this with your doctor. Many now embrace supplements, when used with prescribed or recommended medicine. So, tell your doctor you want to try ASU to reduce your joint swelling, but that you will continue to take your over-the-counter pain relievers for pain, as directed.

Drug interactions. Why is it important to speak with your physician about supplements? Some can interact with common medications. For example, the above mentioned Devil’s Claw can counteract with diabetes medication, acid reducers, and blood thinners. Ask your doctor if the supplement you intend to take is risky with your current medications.

Side effects. Most supplements come directly from nature, but not all things in nature are safe for all. Some supplements can have side effects. For example, Gingko can reduce disease flare-ups for some. However, it does have many side effects. These include headaches, upset stomachs, and dizziness. Examine the side effects for your preferred supplement and compare. Are they manageable?

In short, many natural supplements can provide you with arthritis relief. But, don’t run out and buy the first supplement you see at the health store. Opt for a supplement that will not interact with your current medications, one that is affordable, one that has little to no side effects, and one that will treat your troubling arthritis symptoms.

Related posts: Arthritis Pain Relief and SupplementsCan Supplements Help Arthritis Pain?

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Ganglion: diagnosis and treatment

Ganglion is a small swelling filled with a thick, viscous, clear liquid typically located on the articulation of the wrist.

It is more common in females and can appear any time between teen and sixth decade. Back of the wrist is the favorite site.

It feels tight. Tenderness may be present. Skin on the swelling moves freely. Mild to moderate pain may be present. It set a deep structures but not for os. Sometimes lymph nodes may disappear spontaneously.

Formation of lymph nodes is thought to be the result of a defect of development of the capsule sheath or a tendon.

The diagnosis is by history and clinical examination.

Treatment includes the following methods

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated March 30, 2009.

Other causes of wrist pain...

Of Quervain disease

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Scaphoid fracture

Fracture of the wrist

Deformation of Madelung

Anatomy of the wrist

Return to the Ganglion wrist pain

View the original article here

Taste

Drop is a disorder characterized by abnormally high levels of uric acid in the body. This led to the formation of a sodium compound called urate. The high levels in this Chamber itself causes no symptoms. Symptoms occur when this compound starts to crystallize in the tissues. More details on how and why of uric acid levels increase is visible by clicking here.

This deposit of crystals can cause many symptoms, depending which tissue deposition occurs. It usually occurs in the joints. Apart from the joints, kidneys and other tissues in the body can be involved. How to develop the symptoms and present is visible on the page of symptoms.

This disease is more common in older men. 80% of the patients are men. Among women, it is generally regarded as after 45years of age.

The diagnosis is confirmed by

Clinical manifestationspresence of typical crystals in the joint fluidHow the diagnosis of this disease is made and that investigations are carried out can be seen on the page of diagnosis.

Treatment of this disease depends on the clinical picture which can be acute or chronic. Acute disease requires medical treatment to reduce swelling and pain. Drugs given in the acute phase include steroids, painkillers, and colchicine. Definitive treatment is by lowering the level of uric acid in the blood following medication.

Information on treatment, including drugs, their effects and side effects, precautions and other prevention to the treatment page tips.

This page was last updated May 25, 2011.

Drop on more...

Issue

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Return to the homepage of the drop

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Tennis Elbow: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Tennis elbow is a common cause of the pain of elbow in adults. It is also known as lateral epicondylitis. It is thought to occur due to degeneration of a muscle called extensor carpi radialis brevis (extensor of the articulation of the wrist) to its point of origin near the elbow radial.

The muscle becomes low due to the degeneration. Now he cannot withstand stress applied in normal activities. This causes pain. The pain is intermittent, because there are other muscles that perform the same function as the radial carpi radialis brevis extensors and they address.

Before reading further, please see the joint Anatomy of the elbow for a better understanding (skip if you have already done).

Tennis elbow is

just as frequent in men and women is more in the fifth decade (90% of patients) of life

Symptoms include

pain on the outside aspect of the elbowpain is increased by the activities of this astaking a book of a shelfwriting high on a black boardsevere and the continuous pain with combustion is absent (if you have these symptoms, it is time to reconsider the diagnostic) no swelling is present (if there is swelling and then then you reconsider the diagnosis)

Diagnosis is established by examining clinical history. Tenderness is present on the bone prominence on the outer side of the elbow joint.

Treatment of tennis elbow includes non-surgical and surgical methods.

The goal of treatment is to replace tissues degenerate with fabric fibrous tough and strong. This tissue is also less sensitive to pain. This can be done by inducing an inflammatory reaction on the site of degeneration

Non-surgical methods are

restriction of the activity which induces symptoms (may require the use of a splint as it is difficult to restrict activities which are part of your daily routine) use a brace near the elbow (it just relaxes the muscle and also serves as a reminder to restrict activity) anti-inflammatory medicationexercises to strengthen the injection of musculaturesteroid on the site of tenderness (I found that a single injection with the use of local anesthetic at the maximum tenderness is more effective) manipulation wrist (I manipulate the wrist in flexion and pronation with the extension of the elbow, 3 days after the injection of steroids as at that time, the pain of injection dropped)

Patients who fail to the response to the non-operative treatment are taken for surgery. In surgery , the ill part of muscle is removed.

Alternative medicine has an any role in this condition?

As this condition is not potentially serious if you can try alternative as medicine acupuncture or massage. I have no experience with alternative medicine.

How many times steroid injection is necessary?

More than a single injection of steroids is recommended. Too many steroids can be harmful. When I inject steroid I do not use a local anesthetic to numb the area. It increases my accuracy of injection in two ways.

First of all, once you inject a local anesthetic agent you produce swelling at the site of injection. This swelling obscures bony landmarks and makes pin pointing to the site of the injection of steroids difficult. Second, the anesthetic numbs the area, and now you cannot locate the site of injection with tenderness. Therefore increase the risk of error, and it is more likely that the steroid is injected on the wrong site.

Defenders of local anesthetic injection agent said that the procedure is now less painful. But I am not because that the injection of local anesthetic agent it self is quite painful. And that too when you have to inject two times. First of all a small dose is injected into the skin of the forearm of sensitivity (allergic reactions) and, secondly, on the site of the tennis elbow pain.

In this way, most of my patients have a full recovery from this condition after injection of steroids.

What are the chances that I can require surgery?

As more than 90% of patients improved by non-cooperative treatment, the chances of you requiring surgery are low.

How long does take to recover completely from surgery?

Complete recovery takes 2 to 3 months. Some patients can take approximately six months.

May fail the surgery?

Yes they can. Causes include incorrect diagnosis and inadequate release during surgery. The operation is successful in these cases, but before re-operation MRI of the elbow is a must.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query on tennis elbow thenyou can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated February 11, 2009.

Other causes of pain elbow...

Golfers elbow

Radial Head fracture

Extracted from elbow

Fracture meet

Dislocation of the elbow

Meet bursitis

Little League elbow

Supracondylar fracture

Lateral Condyle fracture

Fracture of the elbow

Anatomy of elbow Joint

Back of Tennis Elbow to elbow pain

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Ostéoïde Osteoma: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Osteoma ostéoïde is a bone tumour which is commonly observed in young males. Any bone of the body may be involved, but it is more common in the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The most common bone in which it occurs are the femur bone or thigh. It can also occur in the spine or spinal column.

The predominant symptom of osteoma ostéoïde is pain. The pain of the tumor is deep, dull and continuous in nature. Often the pain may be present for many months to years.

Generally, the pain is worse at night and is relieved by aspirin. If the tumor is located near a joint, it can cause swelling, stiffness and deformation of joint.

A tumor of the spine can cause pain and abnormal bending of the spine called scoliosis.

Sometimes, there can be no pain and the only feature of presentation may be swelling.

Diagnosis is made by x rays. As the pain comes first the tumor appears if sometimes rays x may seem normal. X-rays show a thickening of bone, along a surface of clarity near the center of the thickening. This area is called the home of the tumor.

It's an x-ray showing an ostéoïde osteoma in the femur. The red arrow shows the nidus.

CT scan may be required if the nidus may not be pin pointed with precision x-ray. This home is between 1 and 1.5 cm in size.

Sometimes if the tumor is not visible even after repeated x-ray and then a bone scan may be necessary to establish the diagnosis if you suspect a history ostéoïde osteoma.

Treatment of this tumour may be of two types

Medical treatment is done by giving aspirin or other pain killer drug, as pain is the main symptom the patient. It was observed that some tumors disappear spontaneously over time. The basis of a medical treatment is to relieve the pain until the tumor resolves spontaneously.

This is recommended only for patients who are ready to take pain relievers for months to years and have x-rays every few months.

Medical treatment is not indicated, or withdrawn in patients who have a sensitive deformityare to the or cannot tolerate pain killersand have the recurrence of pain in the regularly of the doses of analgesics

Surgical treatment is done in patients who do not want medical treatment or in which medical treatment is contraindicated.

During the operation, the nidus was removed completely with a margin of the surrounding bone, otherwise the tumor will develop once more. Complete withdrawal, it is essential that the surgeon can pin point the location of the nidus in operation.

Removal complete nidus results in a 100% cure. If the nidus remains the tumor will reappear. Recurrence usually occurs less than a year.

Sometimes an important part of the bone may be removed and the remaining bones can require support as a bone graft or implant.

Complications that may occur with this surgery include

fracture of the bonestiffness of jointsinfection

As the home is the main node of the treatment and it is a zone of small 1-1.5 cm, therefore other minimum invasive surgery methods have been developed which include

Nucleotide guided radio guided surgical excisionCT excisionPercutaneous percutaneous radio-frequency ablationPercutaneous photo ablationComputer-assisted surgery

These methods of treatment have a recidivism rate higher than conventional surgery. More than one session of these procedures may be necessary.

It benefit main is more short hospital stay, faster recovery, a minimal chance of the rigidity of fracture and joint bone.

How long can you medical treatment take?

Medical treatment may be taken for 1-2 years easily. Dose minimum necessary to relieve the pain must be used.

If this tumor may become malignant?

No malignant transformation of the tumor were observed.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was created on October 21, 2010.

Other bone tumours

Dysplasia

Bone cyst

Aneurysmatic bone cyst

Chondroma

Osteohondroma

Rewind Osteoma ostéoïde page of bone tumors

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Aneurysmatic bone cyst: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Aneurysmatic bone cyst is a bone tumour characterized by the presence of a cavity with bone which is filled with vascular tissue. It is generally considered as between 10 to 20 years of age. It is slightly more common in females.

Usual site of occurrence is at the ends of long bones such as the lower end of the femur or thigh and the upper end of humerus bones. It may also involve the spine.

These cysts can be of three types

Primary cyst arising spontaneously boneSecondary cysts that are associated with other os such as giant tumor cell, dysplasia osteosarcoma and ChondrosarcomaTraumatic cysts lesions that develop on the sites of previous bone lesions

These cysts have a tendency to expand and the bone becomes blown up like a balloon.

As the bone becomes low and expanded the symptoms generally seen of this movement are therefore pain, swelling, and difficulty in movement of the end involved. The weakened bone fracture can also occur.

If the spine is involved then there may be pain along nerves, sensory loss or even paralysis due to compression of the nerves.

Diagnosis of the cyst aneurysmatic bone is made of the rays x x ray Image is variable. Usually x-rays show bone eccentric expansion. A CT scan or MRI may also require document with precision the extent of the cyst and its spread in the surrounding tissues.

The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy. Biopsy can also determine if the cyst is a primary or secondary type. To determine if the cyst is primary or secondary many biopsy samples must be collected on different sites in the cyst.

Treatment can be of two types

MedicalArterial EmbolizationInjection of calcitonin and methylprednisolone in to the cystSurgicalCurettage of the excision block cystEn

Arterial embolization artery supplying blood cyst is located, and then a substance is injected to block the artery. This cuts off the coast of the cyst blood supply. This causes the death of the cyst and healing occurs. This is a new method and a few patients have been treated by it.

Injections of calcitonin and methylprednisolone in cyst were used in a few cases where the surgery was very risky.

Medical treatment is avoided in patients with fracture or neurological involvement.

In curettage , a small window is made in the wall and all of its contents is removed with a spoon like instrument called a curet. Cyst is then filled with bone chips.

In block excision in cyst is removed with a margin of normal bone or tissue. The defect which remains is then rebuilt with a bone graft or implant.

Secondary aneurysmatic bone cysts are treated as the condition, with which they found to associate after biopsy.

Can cyst to reproduce after treatment?

Recurrence of cyst can occur with 1 to 2 years after treatment. Close supervision is necessary during this period. Earlier, the recursion is detected more it is easy to treat.

Growth abnormalities can occur in children. They should be monitored until their growth is complete.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was created on October 22, 2010

Other bone tumours...

Dysplasia

Osteoma ostéoïde

Bone cyst

Chondroma

Osteohondroma

Back behind aneurysmatic bone cyst of bone tumours

View the original article here

Radial Head fractures: diagnosis, Classification and treatment

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Radial head fracture is a fracture of the upper end of the radius bone where it articulates with the lower end of the humerus bone. It can result from

fall is the outstretched hand along with dislocation of the elbow joint

Before reading further please see the Elbow Joint Anatomy to get a better understanding (skip if you have already done so).

It can be classified into three types

Type 1 are undisplaced or minimally displaced fractures (less than 2 mm or 1/4th diameter of the neck) Type 2 are partially displaced fractures (more than 2 mm or 1/4th the diameter of the neck) Type 3 are comminuted fractures (multiple fracture fragments)

Along with radial head fracture other injuries that may be present include

posterior dislocation of the elbow jointtear of the interosseous ligament of the forearm (Essex-Lopresti injury) fracture of the upper ulna shaft (Monteggia fracture) of the coronoid process of ulna fracture

They can be present with any type of radial head fracture. There presence indicates a more severe injury.

Type 1 does not cause any mechanical block to the movement of the radial head. Type 2 may cause a mechanical block (tested by gentle supination and pronation after infiltrating a local anasthetic agent). Type 3 always cause a mechanical block.

Symptoms include

history of traumapain in the outer aspect of the elbow jointmild swelling may be presentmovements of the elbow joint may be painful and limitedwrist bread may be present (indicates a Essex-Lopresti injury)

Type 1 fracture may present as elbow pain only without any swelling.

Diagnosis can be confirmed by x rays and CT scan of the elbow joint

Treatment is according to classification of the fracture.

Type 1 fractures are treated by using a plaster splint for one week along with anti-inflammatory medication. After one week a removable splint is applied.

For a few hours every day the patient removes the splint and exercises the elbow joint gently. This is continued for 2 weeks after which the splint is completely removed and the patient is now encouraged to fully use his limb.

Type 2 fractures with mechanical block are treated by surgery. During surgery the fracture fragments are aligned and fixed with screws. Fractures without mechanical block are treated as type one fractures.

Type 3 fractures are treated by excision of the head of radius. Excision is done as it is not possible to reconstruct the radial head. Circumcision should be avoided if a Essex-Lopresti injury is suspected or if there is a posterior dislocation of the elbow or a coronoid fractures.

Excision in these patients can result in up ward migration of the radius and instability of then elbow joint respectively. Delayed excision (after few months) is preferred in these situations.

At times it may be possible to reconstruct the radial head in patients with posterior dislocation of the elbow and a coronoid fractures. In such patients at the time of radial head reconstruction the coronoid should be fixed and the torn ligaments of the elbow joint should be repaired.

This is a x ray of a patient with elbow dislocation along with a fracture of radial head (orange arrow) and a fracture of the coronoid. The coronoid fractures is a small triangular fragment shown by the yellow arrow.

Complications include

loss of movement of the elbowarthritis of the proximal radio-ulnar joint and the radio-humeral jointproximal migration of the radius following migration of the radius bone

How can I minimize loss of movement of the elbow joint after radial head fracture?

Loss of movement can be minimised by early and persistent physiotherapy.

What exercises should I do after the radial head fracture has united and the splint is removed?

There are many simple exercises that you can do. Here I will tell you the ones that will increase the movement of supination and pronation or simply palm facing up and palm facing down. This is the main movement that is lost after radial head fracture. Exercises include With your elbow flexed to 90 degrees turn your palm to face up, don't move your shoulder. If your palm doesn't deal completely up wards then take the help of your other hand and gently apply some force to make your palm facing slightly more upwards. This might result in some pain in the elbow. (see graphic below)
Don't worry, gently apply the force with your opposite hand within the tolerable limits of bread. Rest for a few seconds and repeat now trying to face the palm down wards.
Continues as long as you wish and repeat many times in a day.Take a wide mouth container from your kitchen with a screw able lid. Now unscrew and screw it back on. Repeat many times a day.You can also try turning a door knob (not handle).

You should also put all the other seals of your upper limb through their full range of motion. Move your fingers, wrist and shoulder.

In this photo the subject is using his right hand to fully supinate (palm facing upwards) his left hand.

This photo shows the subject using his right hand to pronate (palm facing downwards) the left hand.

If I develop arthritis of the proximal radio-ulnar joint and the radio-humeral joint what treatment options do I have?

Treatment options you have include

occasional analgesics (recommended if the symptoms are off and on and mild; and there is low demand on the elbow joint) excision of the radial head (recommended if the symptoms are severe and persistent)

Before circumcision is done it must be very clear that proximal (up ward) migration of the radius can occur after excision.

What is the treatment for proximal migration of the radius?

The orthopaedic community has yet to find a satisfactory treatment for this condition. Treatment options available are shortening of the ulna (the radius still continues to migrate proximally) fusion of the radius to the ulna (severely limits the movement of the forearm)

The good thing is that most patients have few symptoms in spite of the proximal migration of the radius.

I hope the information provided was helpful. If you have any query you can ask me at the contact me page.

This page was last updated on 11th February 2009.

Other causes of elbow pain...

Elbow Dislocation

Pulled Elbow

Olecranon Fracture

Tennis Elbow

Golfers Elbow

Olecranon Bursitis

Little League Elbow

Supracondylar Fracture

Lateral Condyle Fracture

Elbow Fracture

Elbow Joint Anatomy

Go back from Radial Head Fracture to Elbow Pain

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Hand pain: Causes

Hand pain can occur in the structure of the skin to the bone. Our hands are very prone to injury because they come in direct contact with the equipment and machinery. Common conditions that give the pain of our hands are described below.

Fractures and dislocation of the bones of the hand can severely limit the function of the hand. Fracture Bennett and Rolando fracture involves the base of the thumb. They are serious injury and require rapid treatment. For more information on their subject by clicking on the respective links. Fracture Bennett and Rolando Fracture.

Infection in the tissues of the hand may lead to deformation of pain and loss of function by hand. Timely treatment can prevent complications occur. Infection is characterized by fever and throbbing pain. Information on the diagnosis and treatment of Infection of hand by clicking here.

The wounds of handrails are the following

BurnsChemical burnsElectric thermal burns injuries FrostbiteInjection

Specific aid and the management of these injuries are visible on the page of injuries of the hand.

Dupuytren's Contracture is a serious problem that can lead to severely deformed hand. In this condition, the fingers begin to move towards the Palm. This is caused by the formation of fibrous tissue in hand. To learn more about this condition on the page of the Dupuytren Contracture.

Compartment syndrome is a condition of muscles of the forearm which leads to deformation by hand. Muscles become dead and are subsequently replaced by fibrous tissue. This fibrous tissue takes his fingers in a deformed posture. Know the causes, diagnosis, treatment, first aid and the complications of this condition on the page of compartment Syndrome.

Clicking on the links above or below, see the page of hand anatomy to obtain a better understanding of these conditions.

This page was last updated February 6, 2009.

Other causes of the pain of hand...

Bennett Fracture

Rolando Fracture

Dupuytren's Contracture

Hand Infection

Hand injury

Compartment syndrome

Anatomy of the hand

Return to the homepage of hand pain

View the original article here

HIP - RELEVANT ANATOMY JOINT

The hip joints are the main linkbetween the lower limbs and torso. The weight of the body gets transmitted by these two joints in the leg. They are surrounded by many large muscles, so it is difficult to feel and look.

Click here! to download issue # 1, Physiology and human anatomy Guide and learn all you need to know about physiology and human anatomy.

Hip is a single commune, because it allows movement in all directions and at the same time, it is very stable. Movement and stability are possible because of spherical structure (see graphic below). Additional stability is provided by strong ligaments.

Sometimes this stability of the hip joint is compromised when the fetus develops in the womb. This causes the ball out of the Cup. This condition is called congenital dislocation of hip

The ball is at the head of the femur and the socket is the acetabulum. The acetabulum is the bony basin. They are surrounded by the capsule (fibrous structure attaching to the bone and enveloping the articulation). The capsule is reinforced by three ligaments (fibrous difficult as attaching structures bone to bone).

The hip joint is bordered by a smooth fabric, tough and resilient called cartilage. This fabric allows a smooth movement of the joint. In osteoarthritis of the hip, this tissue gets thinned down and worn out.

STRUCTURE OF THE HIP JOINT

First is the attribution or the ligament Y. It is the hardest ligament and is located towards the front (in front). It is stretched in extension and therefore stabilizes the hip position stand. Anatomy (below) is the pubofemoral ligament. Subsequent is the ischiofemoral ligament.

Further deepening this articulation is a fibro-cartilaginous rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum called acetabular labrum. A ligament attaches to the head of the femur called round ligament. It provides a passage to the blood vesselssupplying the head of the femur during growth.

The internal aspect of the joint is bordered by the synovial membrane. On the neck of the femur, the synovial membrane is folded into ridges called retinacula. What are the arteries closed and the main blood supply to the head of the femur. These arteries can easily be disrupted by a neck femur Fracture displaced. Many other conditions can also disrupt the blood supply of femoral head, such as alcoholism and the use of steroids. This can cause a disease called avascular necrosis.

When the head blood supply is disrupted during childhood, resulting in deformation of the head. This condition is known as Perthes disease.

Many muscles are acting through the joint and cause different movements. The movements which occur in the hip joint are

1.Flexion: approximation of the thigh at the front of the torso.

2.Extension: movement of the arm back. It is very limited by the ligament of Y.

3.Adduction: movement of the domestic everywhere and on the side of the thigh.

4.Abduction: branch laterally away from the body movement.

5.Rotation: movement in a circle on one point.

Major muscles causing the bending is the iliopsoas. Expander is the diaper. The removal is by gluteus medius and minimus. Supply by the adductor group of muscles.

Click here! to download issue # 1, Physiology and human anatomy Guide and learn all you need to know about physiology and human anatomy.

I hope that the information above has been useful. If you have any query then you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated May 28, 2009.

Common causes of hip pain...

Congenital dislocation of hip

Perthes disease

Hip Fracture

Osteoarthritis of the hip

Avascular necrosis

Go to the anatomy of the hip to hip pain

View the original article here

Osteoarthritis pathology

Osteoarthritis pathology begins in cartilage and involves progressively across the joint. Initially cracks develop on the surface of cartilage and it becomes irregular. Gradually these cracks get deeper and broader and erode a joint cartilage portion. This occurs in some places, while other areas of cartilage remain not involved.

Microscope chondrocytes multiply and congregate in clusters around areas of cartilage damage. These cells under the influence of some certain molecules that regulate the inflammatory process called enzymes release of cytokines and growth factors , this breach more matrix of cartilage. For this reason, the tight binding of the negatively charged molecules becomes loose and now cartilage is more capable of resisting the forces in compression and is more quickly downwards.

Under the effect of cytokines, cells called osteocytes bone just below the cartilage become active and cause bone become thickened and rigid.

Near areas of cartilage loss chondrocytes are also cartilage new form. This new cartilage is not organized and under the influence of cytokines gets vascularized. Blood vessels provide calcium which gets deposited in this cartilage and now it is converted to the os. This os is seen in the form of outgrowths called osteophytes. These can be seen in x-rays and are useful in diagnosis. Develop of osteophytes on the site of maximum loss of cartilage.

Under the influence of cytokines and growth factors, synovial tissue becomes inflamed. Number of cells in the increase in the synovium and synovial fluid quantity also increase. Enzymes are released in the synovial fluid trying to digest the chips of the loose cartilage. Sometimes the synovium can remain normal and lose these changes.

Swelling and deformation can produce stretching of ligaments, making joint unstable and vulnerable to injury. Pain causes the patient to avoid this leads to the weakening of muscle activity. These weak muscles are unable to support the articulation, effectively leading to more damage.

As can be seen that the inflammation and the breakdown of cartilage leads to weakening of protective joint that leads to failure like cartilage and generating a vicious circle that causes a rapid progression of the disease.

I hope that you found useful information. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated June 10, 2009.

To learn more about osteoarthritis...

OA issue

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

Diagnosis OA

Treatment of osteoarthritis

Rewind pathology OA to OA

View the original article here

Foot infection: Cause, classification, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

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Foot infection results from the inoculation of harmful micro-organisms in side the tissues of the foot. These micro-organisms feed on the tissue and multiply to many numbers. The body's defense system starts to wage a war against these organisms. The out come of this war is pain, redness, swelling and a rise in the temperature.

The extent of damage that occurs in infection depends on the virulence of the micro-organism and the resistance of the host. If the organism is less virulent and the host has good resistance then the extent of the damage will be least. Where as there will be extensive damage if organism is very virulent and the host resistance is poor.

The organism causing the infection and its virulence can only be known after the infection has occurred, where as conditions causing poor host resistance can be evident before hand.

Conditions and diseases that cause poor host resistance include the following

MalnutritionDiabetes MellitusHIV infectionPeople on immunosupressive drugs

Reduced sensation in the foot can also lead to foot infection, as trauma to the foot goes unnoticed because there is no pain. This is commonly seen in

Diabetes MellitusLeprosyNeurological disorders such as stroke

A poor blood supply to the foot causes a delay in healing of wounds leading to persistence and extension of infection. This is usually seen in

Diabetes MellitusBuergers disease (a vascular disease)Lupus

Foot infection can be classified in to two types

infections with out any obvious trauma or atraumatic infectionsinfections with a history of trauma or traumatic infection

Each of these can be further classified in to different types

Cellulitis or infection of skin and subcutaneous tissuesFascitis or infection of the fascia, tendons and other tissue underneath the skin and subcutaneous tissuesOsteomyleitis and infective arthritis which are infection of bone and joints

Atraumatic infections are usually seen in people who are immunodeficient, have sensory loss or have poor blood circulation in the foot. A few such conditions are

Diabetes mellitusLeprosyBuergers diseaseOrgan transplant recipients

Traumatic infections can occur by many different ways of injury, a few of which are

Accidents such asindustrial accidentsroad traffic accidents that can cause crush injuries or de-gloving injurieslawn mower injuriesgun shot injuriespuncture injuries

Energy of the injury determines the extent of traumatic foot infections. High energy injuries are usually associated with a large wound that may extend to the bone. Fractures and dislocations may be present and there may also be loss of skin, tendons, muscles and bones.

Puncture injuries are usually caused by stepping on nails, wood and glass. Infection can develop over a few hours and causes a increase in the pain followed by the development of swelling. A part of the object may have remained inside. This can be seen on a x ray, ultrasound or MRI scan.

Usual bacteria that cause infection in the foot include

Staphylococcus aureusGroup A streptococciPseudomonas aeruginosa

Usual symptoms of foot infection include the following

Pain, that can be moderate to severe or throbbing type if pus is presentSwellingRedness of the skinFever and a local increase in temperature at the site of infection

All the above symptoms may not be seen. In diabetes pain, and fever may be absent where as in Buergers disease there may be no redness and swelling. In patients onimmunosuppressive medication and steroids swelling may be the only symptom.

Diagnosis of infection is based on symptoms and a clinical examination. Blood investigations and x rays of the foot are also a part of the work-up to corroborate the diagnosis and rule out other conditions that may mimic a foot infection. Flares of systemic lupus erythematosus, vascular diseases, acute gout and tumors can sometimes mimic symptoms of a foot infection.

At times ultrasound, CT scan and MRI may be required to determine the extent of infection before planning surgery for removal of pus and other dead tissue.

Treatment of foot infection depends on the classification and the extent of the infection.

Here we will see the general principles of foot infection treatment which are

Rest and elevation of the foot on one or two pillows to reduce swelling and pain.Appropriate antibiotics to kill the bacteria.Surgery to drain the pus if it is present.Quick removal of all the dead tissue present as it serves as food for bacteria and antibiotic concentration is poor in dead tissue.Cleaning of the wound with saline and surrounding normal skin with alcohol.Regular change of dressing. It is preferable to use a paraffin impregnated dressing gauze.Once the discharge of fluid from the wound decreases then the interval between the dressing changes can be increased.Chlorine water, povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide and chlorohexidine should not be used as they are toxic to normal tissue.

For wounds with a large amount of discharge foam based vacuum-assisted dressings are very useful as they remove the discharge quickly.

All dead tissue has to be removed as early as possible as healing can only begin once the dead tissue has gone. Dead tissue may be skin, fat, fascia, tendons, muscles and even bone depending on the extent of the infection. At times it is difficult to identify what is alive and what is dead. So multiple visits to the operation room may be required to completely remove the dead tissue.

Once all the dead tissue has gone and the wound starts healing then reconstruction of the foot can begin. The goal of reconstruction is to give as normal a foot as possible.

Below is a case study of a patient with cellulitis of the foot.

This is a photo of a young man who came to me with infection in the foot and gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In this photo the gangrene is not well demarcated, so I kept him on antibiotics for a few days.

After a course of antibiotics you can see that the gangrene is well demarcated and the swelling has subsided.

This photo is after removal of all the dead tissue. Fresh bleeding can be seen form the wound.

After a few days of regular dressing the wound has filled up with granulation tissue and is now ready for skin grafting.

This photo shows the foot during surgery after it has been covered with skin graft.

This photo was take 7 days after the grafting was done and the dressing was opened. You can see that the graft has been accepted nicely.

Here you can see that complete healing has taken place and the foot is now fully functional. The whiteness is due to the antibiotic powder the patient was still applying.

How can foot infection be prevented?

People who do not have any disease or disorder like diabetes or lupus that makes the foot prone to infection or people with a normal sensate foot can prevent infection by avoiding any type of injury to the foot, because most infections in these persons occur after trauma. And if they ever injure their foot they should clean it thoroughly with tap water and cover it with a clean dressing or cloth and reach the emergency as soon as possible.

People with diabetes, lupus or other disorders that make the feet prone to infection should care for their feet as they care for their face. They should

Clean their feet gently.Apply moisturizer.Keep their nails trim.Thoroughly inspect their feet from all sides every day. Can use a mirror if required.Wear comfortable and soft shoes.Keep their feet away from heat and cold.Walk carefully and look where they are stepping.

I hope the information provided on this page was useful. If you have any query you can ask me at the contact me page.

This page was created on 19th November 2010.

Other causes of foot pain...

Hallux Rigidus

Mallet Toe

Hammer Toe

Bunionette

Flat Foot

Haglund-Deformity

Bunion

Sesamoid Fracture

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Heel Pain

Go back from Foot Infection to Foot Pain

View the original article here

Rolando Fracture: Diagnosis and treatment

Rolando fracture is similar to the breakdown of Bennett (read this first) except for the fact that it is less commonbone is fractured into three or more pieces

It has also been described as a t or is in the form of the first basis metacarpal fracture.

The symptoms are similar to the breakdown of Bennett.

The diagnosis is by x-ray of the thumb.

Thetreatment of this fracture is difficult. As the joint surface is involved in the restoration of memory exact joint fracture is therefore of vital importance.

Treatment methods include

traction (to align the fractured fragments) followed by internal fixation of fixation (after traction external framework is applied to contain the fragments) applicationexternal plaster with plate and screws (surgical incision is given and the fracture is reduced under direct vision) deliberate negligence (plaster is applied until the swelling and pain fade after active use of the hand is encouraged)

Internal fixation should only be undertaken by an experienced surgeon hand.

Wilful negligence should only be undertaken when there is no hope of proper alignment of the fracture, (four to five of bone fragments) even with internal fixation.

The fracture meets usually in three or four weeks, after which the active physical therapy is started.

Will return to the proper function of my thumb after this fracture?

Adequate function following the fracture depends on number of fracture fragments (more poor fragments function) adequate restoration of alignmentpresence joint of pre-existing joint osteoarthritis

The joint involved in this fracture is a common site of osteoarthritis and the presence of osteoarthritis, can translate into future functional bad.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated February 6, 2009.

Other causes of the pain of hand...

Dupuytren's Contracture

Compartment syndrome

Hand Infection

Bennett Fracture

Hand injury

Return of Rolando Fracture hand pain

View the original article here

Bursitis: Inflammation of the voice around the knee joint

Bursitis is an inflammation of the telephone. Phonics are bag as structures which are lined with synovial membrane.

They are present around joints in places where the muscles and tendons around the bones move. This function is to allow the smooth movement of the muscles and tendons located close to the bone. They may or may not communicate with the joint.

Before reading further, it would be a good idea to see the relevant knee Anatomy(skip_this_if_you_have_already_done_so).

Bursa are of two types

those naturally in the body since birththose that grow on the scene of repeated friction and pressure, adventitious telephone called

Both types are affected by similar conditions.

Amongthe common causes

TRAUMA. It may be acute or chronic (repetitive) traumaINFECTION. Acute or chronicRHEUMATOID ARTHRITISGOUTOSTEOARTHRITIS

Symptoms include pain and swellingfever (in infection) limitation of movement

All symptoms may or may not be present, depending on the type. Fever is present in the infectious type. Swelling is more acute in type. Other symptoms of gout, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis will be present at bursal disease caused by these diseases.

IncludeGeneral treatmentmeasures

restuse heat and bandage coldcompression or stockingelevation of medications to reduce inflammation and pain limb (reduces swelling)

Definitive treatment is directed at the cause.

Now lets look at a few common types of bursitis around the knee joint.

A photograph showing the inflammation of the prepatellar bursa right after trauma. It is swelling above the right knee.

Can reproduce the bursitis?

Yes it is possible. Chances are the least in the infectious type after appropriate antibiotics and drainage of the fluid. Other types can reproduce.

When should I contact my doctor?

If you have fever or your symptoms persist for more than 48 hours you must contact your doctor.

I hope that you found this page useful information. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated on September 17, 2010.

Among the other causes of knee pain...

Osteoarthritis of the knee

Meniscal

The ligament injury

Fracture of the patella

Fracture of the knee

Fracture of tibial Plateau

Osgood Schlatter disease

Anatomy of the knee

Knee replacement surgery

Return to the pain in his knee to knee bursitis

View the original article here

HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS: AN OVERVIEW CONCISE

Hip osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease. It is of two types

Primary or idiopathic in which no cause can be determined.

High school. Secondary osteoarthritis will lead to a disease or disorder that disrupts the Biomechanics of the hip joint or directly damages the cartilage of the hip.

Perthes congenital disease capital dislocationSlipped epiphysisAvascular femoral necrosisCoxa planaInfection are examples of such conditions Fractures and dislocation of the hip

The main symptoms are

pain in the hip, which is caused by the movement and is relived by muscle spasms and reststiffness may be presentpain can also be felt in the knee joint from the same side (called) the Member can be shortenedmovements of the hip may be limited, in one or more directions

X-rays of the joints of the hip, taken in two planes can confirm the diagnosisand are useful to exclude other conditions, mimicking the hip osteoarthritis. They will be evidence of thinning of cartilage (decrease the space between the head and acetabulum), of the adjacent bone density change and new training of bone (osteophyte).

OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HIP

Objective of treatment is relief of the painCorrection of any mobility deformityMaintaining

Treatment guidelines will be decided by

Severity of the diseaseExpectations of the patientPresence of associated diseases and disorders

In early and mild illness, I prescribe simple analgesics, use heat and exercises easy to maintain mobility and relieve the pain. Weight loss is also useful in reducing the burden in the hip joint. Load can be reduced, with a cane in the hand opposite by walking.

NSAIDs (such as aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac, ibuprofen) Main role of the drugs is to reduce inflammation and provide relief of pain. They do not alter the progression of the disease. They have many side effects. They should be used as sparingly as possible. More dangerous is gastric ulceration and bleeding. I prescribe blockers pump protons (reduce the chances of gastric ulceration) with NSAIDs to my patients. If I do not prescribe blockers pump Proton eventually almost all patients complain of pain in the stomach, combustion and nausea.

Tramadol hydrochloride is a central analgesic action (it is on the central nervous system). It is useful in patients who are contraindicated NSAIDs. It does cause ulceration, bleeding and gastric kidney damage. Therefore, it has important drug interactions should be used under careful medical supervision. Its combination with paracetamol is as effective as NSAIDs.

Glucosamine is also effective in this disease. Click here to learn more.

Diacerein gives good results. Know the dose and duration of the treatment by clicking here.

From my experience, the practice of YOGA, can provide great relief, patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. Various asanas (poses) to help hip rigidity are

BHARADVAJASANA (Chair of TWIST pose and it's variants) MARICYASANA (permanent TWIST) TRIKONASANA (TRIANGLE variants pose and is) PARSVAKONASANA (side ANGLE pose) VIRBHADRASANA (Warrior pose) PADANGUSTHASANA (leg RAISING pose and it's variants)

Discover the different poses of yoga to a certified yoga instructor in your area.

Various osteotomies (surgical procedure in which a cut is made in the bone, bone pieces are then modified and then set the path with plate, nails or fixing) have been described in the books of text for hip osteoarthritis. Now, they are only shown in the hip joints which are censured and who are still developing osteoarthritis. It is significantly delay or prevent the onset of osteoarthritis of the hip in these patients.

In today's modern world, TJA became gold, in the treatment of hip osteoarthritis. With the availability of materials and better quality design in implants, artificial hip survival has increased considerably. If any revision surgery is required, which is also now much easier. Therefore if your doctor recommends hip replacement, then go ahead. Today, it is the best choice.

What is the role of hyaluronic acid injections in hip osteoarthritis?

Hyaluronic acid has no efficacy in this disease. It is not recommended.

How long a replaced the artificial hip joint by is expected to last?

More than 20 years in surgery carried out by expert hands.

What the new technique of surface Arthroplasty (ASR)?

The new technique to show the results promising but long-term (more than 20 years old) followed is still to come. It is preferable for young patients where it preserves more than total hip bone.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated March 2, 2009.

Other causes of hip pain...

Causes of the pain from hip...

Avascular necrosis of the hip

Hip Fracture

Perthes disease

Congenital dislocation of hip

Hip replacement

Hip Anatomy

Move from osteoarthritis of the hip to hip pain

View the original article here

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

The symptoms of osteoarthritis include the following

Pain in the jointStiffness of weaknessSensation jointMuscular of capture or joint lock

Until we know in detail these symptoms, it is essential to know where the pain arises.

As the cartilage has no nerve fibers from trauma or loss of cartilage cannot cause any pain. Thus was born of pain in osteoarthritis joint structures which have nerve fibres. Include

OS under the tissueOsteophytes of capsuleMusclesLigamentsSynovial cartilageJoint

Joint pain in osteoarthritis is dependent on traffic. Motion brings on the pain and there is no pain when when the joint is still. Once the pain gradually began subsidies after activity ceased.

Initially, the pain occurs and and during periods of increased activity. As the disease progresses pain just normal day day activity. Night pain may also occur. Pain occurs in the field of joint ill. All around the hip in osteoarthritis hip, around the knee in knee disease.

The affected joints may also become rigid. This stiffness usually does not last more than 30 minutes in the morning.

Both perhaps locking or capture joint (usually seen in the knee). It be with loose pieces of cartilage and bone caught between the joint surfaces.

Sometimes osteophytes are suddenly break. This can result in swelling and sudden pain. That the disease progresses as bow legs and knock knee deformity can become more pronounced.

I hope that you found this page useful information. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated June 10, 2009.

To learn more about osteoarthritis...

OA issue

Diagnosis OA

Pathology OA

Treatment of osteoarthritis

Rewind osteoarthritis symptoms with osteoarthritis

View the original article here

Fracture of the elbow: diagnosis and treatment

The discussion of fracture of the elbow on this page will be limited to fractures of the lower end of the bones of the humerus in adults. Other fractures that involve bones forming the elbow joint can be seen by clicking on the links following-

Fracture meet
Radial Head fracture

Before going further with elbow fracture, it is important to know the subject the lower end of the humerus bone. This part of the humerus is flattened like a spatula and consists of following structures

the lateral condyle external sidethe medial condyle on the inside

The medial condyle is the trochlea which articulates with the ulna bone and the lateral condyle has the capitulated who articulated with RADIUS bone. As you can see in the photograph that the posterior or beneath the surface of the humerus bone is relatively flat from which this is the place which is used to apply patches and screws for the stabilization of these fractures.

See also the page on the anatomy of the elbow for a better understanding of these fractures.

Young people these fractures are caused by the wounds of high energy such as traffic accidents while in the elderly, they are considered after injuries of low energy such that drag on the ground.

Fracture of the elbowsymptoms include the following

elbow pain around the regionswellinginability to move jointdeformity around the elbow elbow

The movements of the wrist and fingers will continue until there are some injuries to blood vessels and nerves. In my country, I have seen many patients come later after a fractured elbow or shoulder thinking that since they can move their fingers so that they do not have a fracture and the injury is only a sprain.

Diagnosis of fracture of the elbow is x-ray examination of the elbow joint. A scanner can also be necessary to evaluate the profile of fracture in fragmentary fractures multi.

These fractures can be broadly classified into three categories

Extra-articular fractures where the fracture line does not extend to jointPartial-articular fractures elbow in which the fracture line extends to the elbow joint and a condyle remains attached to fractures of humerus in which boneComplete-articular fracture line extends to the elbow joint, and the two condyles are separated from the remaining humerus bone

Each of the above types can be of two types of more

Without or line of hair in which the fracture of the fragments have not separated from each otherDisplaced in which the fragments are far from each other

Treatment of this fracture depends on following factors

Classification of the fractureage of patientyoungoldfunctional the requirements of the stylesedentary of life patientactive and lifepresence depending on other diseases such as stroke, heart failure, diabetes, etc.

Without travel or hair line fracture can be treated by simple support of cast or splint for 3 to 4 weeks after which physiotherapy is started to bring the movement in the joint of the elbow as soon as possible.

Displaced in active young adults fractures are treated by surgery. In surgery, fracture is exposed by an incision and the fragments are aligned. These fragments are then held rigid by the help of plates and screws. Screw the plate build should be so solid and stable to allow an active movement in the period post operative. This approach is also used in the elderly which are suitable for surgery.

A fracture of the elbow in sedentary and burden of the elderly or those who suffer from diseases such as disease, heart failure that make them unfit surgically are treated by

a short period of rest in a splint or sling for a few dayspain killers and anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the pain and swellingphysiotherapy is started in a few days to maintain the mobility with non-union fracture worry

The objective of this treatment is to return as much painless elbow joint as possible movement.

Older patients with arthritis of the joint of the elbow or with multi-fragmentary fractures which may not be adequately stabilized by plates and screws are included for the replacement surgery total elbow.

This is an x-ray of a patient treated for fractures of the elbow with plates and screws.

Complications include

NonUnion or the inability of the healMal-union fracture or healing of the fracture in a bad positionLoss of injuryInfectionIrritation of movementNerve of elbow caused by plates, screws and wires placed under the skin.

Lasts how long the fracture to heal?

The fracture heals generally from 6 to 8 weeks.

How can prevent the loss of movement of elbow?

Loss of movement of elbow can be prevented by early physiotherapy and active after rigid stabilization of the fracture of the elbow.

I hope that the above information has been useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was created on November 2, 2010

Other fractures and dislocation of the elbow in adults region...

Fracture meet

Radial Head fracture

Dislocation of the elbow

Other fractures of the elbow in children region...

Supracondylar fracture

Lateral Condyle fracture

Other causes of pain elbow...

Tennis Elbow

Golfers elbow

Meet bursitis

Extracted from elbow

Little League elbow

Rewind Fracture of the elbow to elbow pain

View the original article here

Diagnosis of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis diagnosis is based on the presence of risk factors, clinical symptoms, and investigations. Here, we will see what investigations are necessary and what can we expect.

Investigations that may be required are the following

X-ray of the joint involved in two planesSynovial analysisMRI fluid from the joint

X-rays show the following changes

Decrease space between the bones. This indicates the loss of cartilage. Cartilage is not visible on the shelves x.Calcification increased the bone just below the common space. Seen as being more white bone. Presence of osteophytes. They are regarded as bone spurs.It can consider the bone deformations. They may have caused the joint development of osteoarthritis.

X-ray of the knee are most useful if taken in position standing. Hip x-ray may be taken standing or lying down.

MRI should generally not systematically. They can view the status of the ligaments and cartilage that are not visible on x-ray. They can also be useful for diagnosing early osteoarthritis.

Synovial fluid analysis is also useful in the diagnosis. Liquid synovial normal has the following settings.

The colour is yellowClarity is clearviscosity is highWhite blood cells are less than 200 by microliterProtein is between 1 to 3 grams per deciliterVolume is normally 0.5 ml

In liquid osteoarthritis synovial is usually normal. Sometimes, it may display the following changes.

Viscosity is reducedvolume of liquid is increasedcells may be increased by less than 2000 per microliter

X ray is therefore the main survey for diagnosis of osteoarthritis with clinical features.

I hope that you found this page useful information. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated December 1, 2010.

To learn more about osteoarthritis...

OA issue

Symptoms of osteoarthritis

Pathology OA

Treatment of osteoarthritis

Rewind osteoarthritis diagnosis of osteoarthritis

View the original article here

Dysplasia: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Dysplasia occurs when the bone tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue bone side. It may involve one or more bones of the body. In addition to two thirds of patients a bone is involved. Both sexes are also affected.

Rarely, it is considered as a State called McCune Albright syndrome. In this condition with dysplasia, there is an increase in pigmentation of the skin in places with other endocrine abnormalities such as early sexual development in children.

Is not thecause of dysplasia. It is thought to occur in the development of their baby in the uterus. In the formation of the fetus that a defect occurs in the DNA of the bone forming cells and this causes the formation of fibrous tissue instead of bone.

As fibrous tissue is lower than the bone tissue, where its presence in the bones causes their low become. These small bones are unable to resist the forces acting between them. Therefore, these bones are distorting and same fracture in normal daily activities.

Symptoms of can be asymptomatic or symptoms (discovered incidentally during the review of x-ray for certain other conditions) or there may be a deformation of the bone causing the blade seems abnormal in shape or cause a defect of gaitor can present as a fracture of the boneor there is perhaps just the bone pain

If associated with McCune Albright syndrome the initial presentation may be early development of secondary sex characteristics or abnormal vaginal bleeding among girls.These symptoms usually by the age of 8 to 10 years.

More commonly involved bone are bonebones bonetibia or shin femur, or thigh bone pelvisskullribshumerus or arm

Diagnosis is by rays x. sometimes the diagnosis is not clear on the x-ray. In such conditions, a biopsy may be necessary.

Treatment is by surgically removing the fibrous tissue and by filling the space by the bone from the patient's pelvic bone chips. Sometimes, if the defect is large then override an os available on the market is mixed with the bone chips. With time fragments of bone and bone substitute get incorporated into the defective bone and strengthen.

It is an x-ray of a patient showing a fracture through dysplasia. Fibrous tissue has been removed, bone graft was done and the fracture is stabilized with a plate and screws. The following x ray was taken after surgery.

Complications of dysplasia are

fracturesbone deformity causing a defective approach, reduced height and arthritis due to misalignment of the jointsabnormality vision and hearingrarely of the formation of cancer can occur.

In this condition fractures will heal easily. Fractures can be fixed surgically with a plate and screws or other devices simultaneously fibrous tissue can be removed and the defect of bone chips.

Correct deformation can surgically correct approach, improve the height and prevent arthritis by properly aligning joints.

Can I pass this condition to my children?

You can not pass this condition to your children that it is not inherited, but occurred because of the irregularity of the DNA during the development of a bone. This failure to present vice in the remaining cells of your body.

I dysplasia but no symptoms. Do I need treatment?

You do need no treatment.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was created on October 22, 2010

Other bone tumours

Osteoma ostéoïde

Bone cyst

Aneurysmatic bone cyst

Chondroma

Osteohondroma

Return to page of bone tumours dysplasia

View the original article here

Osgood Schlatter disease: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Osgood schlatter disease is a condition that is the cause the most common pain in the knee in children aged 10 to 15 years.

Pain is located across from the knee at the place where the patellar tendon attaches to the bone of tibia called the tibial tuberosity. It may be felt as you gently slide your fingers to the bottom of the patella, the first bone you feel is the tibial tuberosity.

Symptoms of this disease are the following

pain over the tibial tuberosity which is caused by activities which involve jumping or runningpain is relieved by rest or by stopping the activity that brings the onswelling can be seen on the tibial tuberositypressure applied to the tibial tuberosity with a finger or thumb causes pain

Osgood schlatter disease occurs because in the age of 9 to 15 the tibial tuberosity is cartilaginous. This cartilage tuberosity is much lower than bones and is unable to cope with the stress of running and jumping.Micro fractures occur in the tuberosity due to the strong traction the patellar tendon and these cause pain.

The diagnosis is by clinical observations of history and examination. X ray is not required for diagnosis. If an x-ray is taken it will show a more tibial with fragmentation, as indicated by the red arrow in this x-ray.

Treatment is by

rest and avoid activities which include jumping obstacles and runningpain killers may be usedplaster may be applied if the pain persists, but rarely necessary

Sometimes, the importance of the tibial tuberosity can stay with a small piece of bone separated from it. This can cause pain on his knees in adult life. If this pain is uncomfortable, then it can be remedied by the withdrawal of the bone piece by surgery. It is the only complication of the disease.

How long will take for the pain to go?

The pain will be 8 to 12 months to go completely.

Can develop any distortion?

No abnormal growth or the strain occurs.

All sports activities should be adopted?

No, sports activities, must not be arrested, but the healing will take more time if they are maintained.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was created on December 15, 2010.

Among the other causes of knee pain...

Fracture of the knee

Fracture of the patella

Fracture of tibial Plateau

Osteoarthritis of the knee

Knee bursitis

Meniscal

The ligament injury

Anatomy of the knee

Knee replacement surgery

Rewind Osgood Schlatter disease knee pain

View the original article here

Course of Anatomy: A concise and the Guide Point

No matter what anatomy course designed for a person who knows nothing about Anatomy in hectic and fast today life has to have the following characteristics

Should start with bases, such as explanation of anatomical terminology.Text must be in plain language with precise and short sentences.Material should be organized systematically and classified so that it is easy to reference later.Simple, easy to understand diagrams labelled must accompany the text.It should be exercises after each chapter so that you can see what you have understood and where you need to concentrate more.Should be available in digital format, so you can read on your computer or a numeric keypad.

Now you would be to ask yourself, "where can I find such a".

All the books of anatomy that I read during my training to become a doctor were...

Big with hundreds of pages and many diagrams.Small text and long paragraphs.You may exercise the strength training with them. They were heavy and difficult to transport.Diagrams are complex and difficult to learn, to attract and reproduce.

But all that was OK with me. After all, I was training to become a doctor, and if I needed to seize all that detailed and complex knowledge.

Therefore, now lets forget about me and talk about you. This who train become and why do you need to know the human anatomy.

Perhaps you are a lawyer on a homicide case. There is forensic evidence and you need to understand.

You may be a physical therapist who want to learn more about muscles and he shares for a specific condition you come through the first time.

You will perhaps be a nurse or a wizard, OT. You want to be more useful to your doctor.

You may be a researcher trying to develop a new medical product.

Or simply you might be interested to learn more about your car.

Or may be that you are a physician like me and want to refresh your knowledge of anatomy.

Therefore, if you have any use for learning Anatomy you have come to the right place.

Now, I will give you the course of anatomy that I use when ever I have no anatomical confusion.

Click here! to download the course of Anatomy number 1 and learn everything, you should know about the anatomy and physiology.

It has all the good features that I mentioned above.

Return to the homepage of anatomy course

View the original article here

BASIC ANATOMY OF THE KNEE JOINT

The knee joint is the largest synovial (plating by synovial membrane) joint of the body. It is a major body weight bearing joint and is made up of three bones. On the upper part is the bone (femur) of the leg below the tibia (tibia) and on the front is the ceiling of the knee (patella).

Keep all these bones in place is various ligaments (difficult band or cord as structures), the joint capsule and muscles (flexible tough fibrous structure that surrounds the articulation).

Click here! to download issue # 1, Physiology and human anatomy Guide and learn all you need to know about physiology and human anatomy.

The part of the femur to form the knee joint is ways side expanded and behind to form two oval-shaped structures called condlyes. Similarly, the part of the tibia forming the knee is extended and forms two condyles articulate with the corresponding femur condyles. The on the outer side is called the lateral condyle and that on the inner surface is called the medial condyle on the front of the patella articulates with the femur.

Clinicians also divided into compartments knee joint. The medial condyles form the medial compartment. The lateral condyles form the lateral compartment. Anterior compartment is between the patella and femur. It can arthritis of the lateral, medial or anterior compartment, individually

The ends of the bones are covered by cartilage (the tough, smooth and elastic structure). Cartilage function is to provide a smooth surface, for bones to move easily. It also acts as a damper.

This joint contains also two semicircular disks as structures, fact of fibrous cartilage called menisci. They can offer a congruent surface of the thigh bone to pass on the tibia.

The knee is a hinge joint, which means that it allows movement in a plain only. Flexion (bend) and extension (straighten the knee). Although amounts light rotation and translation also occur.

Internally the surface of this articulation (excluding the cartilage), is covered with a thin membrane (sheet or film as) structure called synovial membrane. The function of the synovial membrane is to secrete a fluid, which lubricates the joint and provides power to the avascular (having no blood supply) cartilage.

In the front (forward), the bones of the knee joint can easily be felt under the skin, but behind, they are covered by the bulky muscles and are difficult to feel. For this reason, even slight swelling in the knee is easily appreciated. It is in the hip joint where slight swelling is not obvious that it is surrounded by many muscles.

Four major ligaments stabilize this articulation. To the median line (on the inner surface) the medial collateral ligament. Laterally (on the outer side) the lateral collateral ligament. These ligaments stabilize the knee against an angle (tend to open corner joint) and translation (tendency to drag the bones in the opposite direction) forces.

Two other ligaments are crossed ligament previous and subsequent. It the main function is to stabilize the joint against the forces of the translation.

Acting on this joint muscles are (straighten) extensor and flexors (bend the joint). Extensor include the Quadriceps muscle. Flexor include Semitendenosus, Semimembranosus, and the Biceps Femoris (collectively the hamstrings muscles).

This articulation is also surrounded by small bag as structures, which have an inner wall of the telephonecalled synovial membrane. The function of these is to allow motion smooth ligaments and tendons various (cord as structures that attach muscle to bone) in the os.

Click here! to download issue # 1, Physiology and human anatomy Guide and learn all you need to know about physiology and human anatomy.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query on the knee joint Anatomy you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated on December 28, 2010.

Causes of knee pain include...

Osteoarthritis of the knee

Knee bursitis

Meniscal

The ligament injury

Fracture of the knee

Fracture of the patella

Fracture of tibial Plateau

Osgood Schlatter disease

Knee replacement surgery

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Dislocation of the thumb: Types, diagnosis, treatment

Thumb dislocation can involve joint of the thumb. Until we know more about this injury, it is essential to know a little bit of Anatomy of an inch.

Every inch is made up of three bones and two joints. The bones are

Distal metacarpal PhalaynxProximal Phalaynx1st

The joints are

Inter-phalangeal or joint IP between the proximal and distal phalaynx.Phalangeal, Metacarpo or MP joint between the 1st metacarpal and the proximal phalanx.

The joints of the thumb are held stable structures fibrous tough called ligaments and the articular capsule. They are attached to bones on each side of the joint. When a disturbed spouse these structures are torn.

As the thumb has two joints so that there can be two types of dislocations thumb.

Inter-phalangeal or joint IP of the phalanges dislocationMetacarpo or MP joint dislocation

Joint dislocations IP are less common than joint dislocations of MP. These changes are generally associated with a fracture. This disruption of fracture may be a type with the extensor tendon mallet carrying a bone chip and other bones disrupting to the surface (finger print) Palmer.

The other upheavals fracture occurs when the flexor tendon takes a crack away and the remaining bones disturbed to the dorsal surface (finger nail). This condition requires surgical intervention or still active flexion of the thumb will be lost.

Mallet type thumb fracture dislocations are treated in the same way as the mallet finger.

Fracture dislocation Mallet is the most common of dislocation of the thumb type.

Pure dislocation of IP with out a fracture is a rare injury. It is caused by a fall on the thumb. The skin may be torn and exposed bones. These shocks are usually to the dorsal surface (finger nail).

In the pure IP dislocations thumb remains extended and there is inability to make use of the joint. Diagnosis can be confirmed by x-ray x.Le treatment is a realignment of the articulation. Realignment may be tensile and bending. Splint can be used to maintain the reduction. Usually, splint is not necessary that the joint is stable after redesign.

Below are photographs of a patient with the breakup of the intellectual property before and after the realignment.

The highest photo shows a dislocation of the left IP joint of the thumb. The patient is unable to Flex his spouse IP on the left side. The second photo shows the presence of abnormal scoring on the front of the thumb dislocated by the binding of the skin.

The third photo is after redesign. It can now flexible left thumb. The final photo shows the abnormal loss of the crease. Here is an x-ray of the same patient.

The joint MP disturbed more often towards the rear or aft. This type of injury is usually caused by a force which tends to hyper-étendre the joint.

These changes are of two types

Simple dislocations can be easily corrected by single manipulation. After the breakup of the proximal phalaynx is located at 90 degrees to the metacarpal. Relocation is performed by moving the metacarpal head back phalaynx.

Complex dislocations can not be reduced by only manipulation. They require surgery. Surgery is necessary because a part of the articular capsule called the volar plate gets taken to the trap in the joint. This prevents the reduction. During surgery, the capsule between bone is removed and relocated the articulation.

Sometimes complex dislocations may reduce handling. If before surgery the surgeon tent relocation by manipulation after the patient is anesthetized.

After the surgery, the joint is generally stable. Movement can be started as soon as the pain decreases. Sometimes splinting of the thumb may be required.

Are common complications observed after this dislocation

Stiffness of jointChronic in the joint pain

This below is an x-ray of a young woman who has suffered a dislocation complex thumb in a martial arts tournament when his opponent has slammed a kick on his thumb. The surgery was necessary to correct the situation.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated on October 22, 2010.

Causes of pain articular finger...

Finger fracture

Mallet finger

Finger Amputation

Glomus tumor

Paronychia

Trigger finger

Swan Neck deformity

Buttonhole deformity

Kirner deformity

Felon

Bowlers Thumb

Rewind the thumb Dislocation of finger pain

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Fracture meet: diagnosis and treatment

Meet fracture is a fracture with bone ulna olecranon process. This process is part of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus bone.

Before reading further, please see the joint Anatomy of the elbow for a better understanding (skip if you have already done).

This fracture occurs in two ways

the fall at the end of forceful contraction of the triceps muscle jointsudden elbow (muscle takes the fragment of bone apart)

Symptoms include

the history of trauma is presentpain and swelling in and around the jointinability elbow to extend the elbow against gravitytenderness is present on the site of fracture

The diagnosis is confirmed by x-ray. They show the fracture and help in the classification.

Classification of fracture meet is in two main types that are

Undisplaced and stable fracture (also called hair line fractures; gap between the fracture fragments of less than 2 mm; active extension is possible against gravity)Displaced fractures (fracture fragments are separated from each other; active extension against gravity is not possible)

All the fractures without moving are treated by immobilization in a plaster splint for 3 weeks. The elbow is expected to stop at 45 degrees of flexion. After 7 to 10 days of immobilization x RADIUS is done to confirm the position of the fracture.

Three weeks after the brace is removed and a brace is worn. This brace should prevent the movement of the elbow above 90 degrees.

Complete healing takes about 6-8 weeks, after which the movement beyond 90 degrees is allowed.

In older patients (beyond), the elbow is rested on a Sling. A soft crepe bandage is wrapped gently around the elbow, and pain killer are given. Once the pain has decreased, soft movements are encouraged in a brace. After that the fracture has joined the curly brace is removed.

All displaced fractures are treated effectively by attachment of wires, screws or plates. The attachment shall be strong enough for the active mobilization at the start of the elbow joint. This prevents the elbow become rigid.

Complications include

loss of movement of the union of jointnon of the elbow of the fracturearthritis of the elbow joint

This is an x-ray of a fracture meet which is moved. You can see the gap between the fragments. The rupture occurred after a fall, with the tip of the elbow hitting the ground.

Fracture even after a surgical treatment, tension band wiring.

When can I suspect I have a broken meet?

If after a trauma, you are unable to extend your elbow against gravity then you are probably a fracture meet.

To gain full motion of the elbow joint after this fracture?

Following of young patients under 25 years may if expected to regain full movement of the elbow joint when the fracture is undisplacedfracture does not have several fragmentsactive bone movements are started soon after the operation

Otherwise, a loss of movement is usually inevitable.

How can I prevent the development of arthritis?

Accurate reduction of fragments of bone without any off stage can prevent arthritis. Ask your doctor if bone fragments have been perfectly aligned.

How union not occur and what is its treatment?

Union not can occur when a fracture without moving becomes moved and will unrecognisedthere are fragmentsfixation of multiple fracture fractures after the operation is not rigid enoughactive energetic use of the branch before the age appropriate unionold and the poor state of health

Treatment of the union not East by rigid fixation of the fracture and bone graft.

I hope that the information provided was useful. If you have any query you can ask me to contact me page.

This page was last updated on April 8, 2009.

Other causes of pain elbow...

Radial Head fracture

Extracted from elbow

Dislocation of the elbow

Tennis Elbow

Meet bursitis

Little League elbow

Supracondylar fracture

Lateral Condyle fracture

Fracture of the elbow

Anatomy of elbow Joint

Return back fracture meet elbow pain

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